Every question, answered
300 questions customers and engineers ask about online gas analysis, grouped by track. Each answer links to the lesson that explains it properly.
Foundations
What is the difference between a gas analyser and a gas detector?
An analyser measures a concentration accurately over a defined range for process control or quality. A detector is a safety device that warns when a gas reaches a hazardous level. They are different product classes.
From the lesson What is online gas analysis? A plain introduction
How fast is an online gas analyser?
From a few seconds to a few minutes, depending on the sensor, the gas and the sample line. See the lesson on response time.
From the lesson What is online gas analysis? A plain introduction
Do I need a sample line for every analyser?
No. In-situ analysers measure inside the duct or pipe. Most trace and multi-gas analysers do use a sample line.
From the lesson What is online gas analysis? A plain introduction
What does an online analyser output?
Typically a 4-20 mA signal, relay alarms and digital data such as Modbus, along with a display.
From the lesson What is online gas analysis? A plain introduction
Can portable analysers replace online analysers?
Not for control or protection. They give a snapshot, not a continuous reading, and need a person present.
From the lesson Online vs laboratory vs portable gas analysis
Why use a laboratory if I have an online analyser?
To verify the online instrument, to measure gases it does not cover, and to certify product to a standard.
From the lesson Online vs laboratory vs portable gas analysis
Is online analysis more accurate than laboratory analysis?
Usually not. The laboratory can be more accurate; online analysis is faster and continuous.
From the lesson Online vs laboratory vs portable gas analysis
Which is cheapest?
A portable instrument has the lowest outlay; online has the lowest cost per reading when you need continuous data.
From the lesson Online vs laboratory vs portable gas analysis
Why does gas composition not change when I compress it?
Compression squeezes all components equally, so each keeps its share of the molecules.
From the lesson How gases behave: pressure, temperature and partial pressure
What is absolute pressure?
Pressure measured from a perfect vacuum, as opposed to gauge pressure, which is measured from the surrounding atmosphere.
From the lesson How gases behave: pressure, temperature and partial pressure
Why do analysers need a pressure reading?
Some sensors respond to partial pressure, so the analyser measures ambient pressure to correct the reading.
From the lesson How gases behave: pressure, temperature and partial pressure
Is air really 21 % oxygen?
Dry air is 20.95 %, usually rounded to 21 % or 20.9 %.
From the lesson How gases behave: pressure, temperature and partial pressure
Is ppm a mass or a volume ratio in gas analysis?
Volume, unless the specification says otherwise.
From the lesson ppm, percent and ppb explained for gas analysis
What does 99.999 % purity mean in ppm of impurity?
Five nines means 10 ppm total impurity, since 100 minus 99.999 is 0.001 %.
From the lesson ppm, percent and ppb explained for gas analysis
Why do some limits use mg/m3?
Environmental rules usually state mass per volume at reference conditions. See the converter.
From the lesson ppm, percent and ppb explained for gas analysis
How do I convert ppm to mg/Nm3?
Multiply by the molar mass and divide by 22.414, for 0 C and 1013.25 hPa.
From the lesson ppm to mg/Nm3: volume vs mass concentration
What is the difference between Nm3 and Sm3?
Nm3 refers to normal conditions, usually 0 C; Sm3 to standard conditions, often 15 or 25 C. Always check the definition in the document.
From the lesson ppm to mg/Nm3: volume vs mass concentration
Is a wet or dry basis used for emission limits?
Usually dry, but the permit or standard decides.
From the lesson ppm to mg/Nm3: volume vs mass concentration
Does temperature change ppm?
No. ppm is a volume fraction. It changes mg/m3.
From the lesson ppm to mg/Nm3: volume vs mass concentration
Is oxygen higher or lower when measured wet?
Lower, because the water vapour takes up part of the volume.
From the lesson Dry basis vs wet basis in gas measurement
How much water is in flue gas?
Commonly 5 to 20 % by volume depending on the fuel. Gas-fired plants carry more than coal-fired.
From the lesson Dry basis vs wet basis in gas measurement
Do dry-gas analysers see water?
A cooled sample still holds water at the cooler's dew point, which is usually a few percent or less.
From the lesson Dry basis vs wet basis in gas measurement
Can I measure moisture in the same sample?
Only if the sample is kept above its dew point, which is a different sample system from a cooled dry one.
From the lesson Dry basis vs wet basis in gas measurement
What is the difference between accuracy and precision?
Accuracy is how close to the true value; precision is how close repeated readings are to each other.
From the lesson Accuracy, precision, repeatability and drift in gas analysers
What does plus or minus 1 % of span mean?
The error can be up to 1 % of the full-scale value anywhere on the range.
From the lesson Accuracy, precision, repeatability and drift in gas analysers
What is resolution?
The smallest step the instrument can display, which is not the same as its accuracy.
From the lesson Accuracy, precision, repeatability and drift in gas analysers
Why does an analyser drift?
Sensor ageing and temperature effects on the sensor and electronics.
From the lesson Accuracy, precision, repeatability and drift in gas analysers
What is a good T90 for a gas analyser?
It depends on the sensor and gas. Process control often needs seconds to a minute; ask for the T90 at your flow and range.
From the lesson Response time, T90 and sample lag in gas analysis
Is T90 the same as response time?
T90 is the usual way to quote response time. Some datasheets use T95 or T63 instead.
From the lesson Response time, T90 and sample lag in gas analysis
Why is my reading slower than the datasheet T90?
The datasheet describes the analyser alone. Your sample line adds lag in front of it.
From the lesson Response time, T90 and sample lag in gas analysis
Can software speed up a reading?
Not the physical delay. Filters in the control system make it smoother and slower, not faster.
From the lesson Response time, T90 and sample lag in gas analysis
What is the most important line on a gas analyser datasheet?
The sample conditions. An analyser outside them will not perform as stated.
From the lesson How to read a gas analyser datasheet
What does IP rating tell me?
How well the enclosure keeps out dust and water, for example IP65.
From the lesson How to read a gas analyser datasheet
Are datasheet figures guaranteed on my plant?
They apply under the stated conditions. Your sample and installation can change them, so ask.
From the lesson How to read a gas analyser datasheet
Where do I find the ACCURRA-S datasheet?
On the downloads page of this website.
From the lesson How to read a gas analyser datasheet
Measurement principles
Which gas sensor is the most accurate?
It depends on the gas. Each technology is best for the gases it was built for; the right match matters more than the technology's reputation.
From the lesson Gas analysis technologies compared: which sensor for which gas
Can one sensor measure all gases?
No. Each uses a physical property that only some gases have.
From the lesson Gas analysis technologies compared: which sensor for which gas
What is the difference between a sensor and an analyser?
The sensor is the element that responds to the gas. The analyser is the whole instrument with electronics, display and outputs.
From the lesson Gas analysis technologies compared: which sensor for which gas
Does Sarvesh make chromatographs or laser analysers?
No. The range covers electrochemical, paramagnetic, zirconia, NDIR, thermal conductivity and ceramic moisture sensing.
From the lesson Gas analysis technologies compared: which sensor for which gas
Which sensor is best for ppm oxygen?
An electrochemical cell, such as ACCURRA-S 3015, which reads 0 to 1000 ppm with a minimum range of 0 to 100 ppm.
From the lesson Electrochemical vs paramagnetic oxygen sensors
Which sensor has the longest life?
Paramagnetic sensors have no consumed element. Electrochemical cells wear out; the catalogue gives more than 18 months to 2 years depending on model.
From the lesson Electrochemical vs paramagnetic oxygen sensors
Can a paramagnetic sensor measure trace oxygen?
Paramagnetic sensors are used for percent and purity measurement. Trace oxygen uses electrochemical cells.
From the lesson Electrochemical vs paramagnetic oxygen sensors
Which sensor for oxygen purity?
Models 3090 and 3190, both with ambient pressure and temperature compensation. 3090 is electrochemical over 0 to 100 %; 3190 is paramagnetic over 95 to 100 %.
From the lesson Electrochemical vs paramagnetic oxygen sensors
How does a zirconia oxygen sensor work?
A heated zirconia cell conducts oxygen ions and produces a voltage that depends on the oxygen difference between the flue gas and a reference air stream.
From the lesson How a zirconia oxygen analyser works
Why does zirconia need heating?
Zirconia conducts oxygen ions only at high temperature, so the cell is heated to a controlled working temperature.
From the lesson How a zirconia oxygen analyser works
Can a zirconia analyser read low if there is unburnt fuel?
Yes. Combustibles consume oxygen at the hot cell, so the reading is lower than the true oxygen content.
From the lesson How a zirconia oxygen analyser works
How is ACCURRA-Zr calibrated?
With plain air at a single point.
From the lesson How a zirconia oxygen analyser works
Can NDIR measure oxygen?
No. Oxygen does not absorb infrared at these wavelengths. Use electrochemical or paramagnetic sensors.
From the lesson What is an NDIR gas analyser?
Can NDIR measure hydrogen?
No. Hydrogen is measured by thermal conductivity, for example ACCURRA-TCD.
From the lesson What is an NDIR gas analyser?
Does NDIR need a reference gas?
Calibration uses zero and span gas. Normal operation does not consume gas.
From the lesson What is an NDIR gas analyser?
How long does an NDIR sensor last?
The ACCURRA-S catalogue gives more than five years for the NDIR models.
From the lesson What is an NDIR gas analyser?
Do thermal conductivity analysers need a reference gas?
ACCURRA-TCD does not, according to the catalogue.
From the lesson How thermal conductivity gas analysers (TCD) work
Which gases can a thermal conductivity analyser measure?
Any binary mixture whose components differ in conductivity. The ACCURRA-TCD catalogue lists hydrogen, helium, argon, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, neon and krypton.
From the lesson How thermal conductivity gas analysers (TCD) work
Can it measure oxygen?
Only in a binary background of a gas with very different conductivity, such as oxygen in hydrogen or in helium.
From the lesson How thermal conductivity gas analysers (TCD) work
Why does moisture matter?
Water vapour has its own conductivity, so wet samples shift the reading. Dry the sample or hold its moisture constant.
From the lesson How thermal conductivity gas analysers (TCD) work
What dew point is dry enough for nitrogen?
It depends on the use. Heat treatment and electronics lines often specify dew points well below minus 40 C. Your process specification sets the limit.
From the lesson What is dew point and how is it measured?
Is a lower dew point always better?
A lower dew point is drier, but cost rises as you dry further. Specify the dew point the process needs.
From the lesson What is dew point and how is it measured?
How do I convert dew point to ppm?
Use the saturation vapour pressure at the dew point divided by the total pressure. At atmospheric pressure, minus 60 C is about 11 ppm by volume.
From the lesson What is dew point and how is it measured?
Can I calibrate dew point on site?
No. Field calibration is not possible on M015; ask us how the sensor is checked and recalibrated.
From the lesson What is dew point and how is it measured?
What is the most accurate way to measure dew point?
A chilled mirror hygrometer is the usual reference, but it needs clean gas and skilled operation.
From the lesson Moisture measurement methods compared for dry gas
Can I measure dew point with a humidity sensor?
Relative humidity sensors suit ambient air. Dry process gas needs a sensor made for low dew point.
From the lesson Moisture measurement methods compared for dry gas
Why does my moisture reading drift after maintenance?
The tubing re-wets when opened to air and takes time to dry. Purge before reading.
From the lesson Moisture measurement methods compared for dry gas
Which range does ACCURRA-S M015 cover?
Minus 80 to plus 20 C dew point with a ceramic sensor, per the datasheet.
From the lesson Moisture measurement methods compared for dry gas
What is cross-sensitivity?
A sensor's response to gases other than its target.
From the lesson Cross-Sensitivity and interference in gas analysers
How do I find a sensor's interferences?
In the datasheet or the manufacturer's cross-sensitivity table; ask the supplier about every gas in your sample.
From the lesson Cross-Sensitivity and interference in gas analysers
Can software correct cross-sensitivity?
Only if the interfering gas is measured too. Otherwise the instrument cannot tell the two effects apart.
From the lesson Cross-Sensitivity and interference in gas analysers
Is interference the same as drift?
No. Drift changes with time at a constant gas. Interference changes with the presence of another gas.
From the lesson Cross-Sensitivity and interference in gas analysers
Why does my trace oxygen reading never reach the expected low value?
Usually a leak or permeation in the sample line, not the sensor. Leak-test and purge.
From the lesson Trace oxygen measurement and air ingress: ppm done right
How long does a trace oxygen cell take to recover after air exposure?
It can take hours at ppm level, depending on the exposure and the cell. Isolate it during maintenance.
From the lesson Trace oxygen measurement and air ingress: ppm done right
Which analyser measures trace oxygen?
ACCURRA-S 3015 covers 0 to 1000 ppm with a minimum range of 0 to 100 ppm.
From the lesson Trace oxygen measurement and air ingress: ppm done right
Can I use plastic tube if the line is short?
At ppm levels, no. Use stainless steel; it is a small cost against the error.
From the lesson Trace oxygen measurement and air ingress: ppm done right
How do you measure hydrogen purity online?
With a thermal conductivity analyser, for a binary mixture. ACCURRA-TCD needs no reference gas.
From the lesson Measuring hydrogen: purity, mixtures and safety limits
Can hydrogen be measured next to methane?
Not reliably by thermal conductivity alone, since methane changes the reading. Ask an engineer about the composition.
From the lesson Measuring hydrogen: purity, mixtures and safety limits
What range of hydrogen can ACCURRA-TCD measure?
0 to 100 % depending on the background gas, per the application notes.
From the lesson Measuring hydrogen: purity, mixtures and safety limits
Is ACCURRA-TCD suitable for hazardous areas?
Use ACCURRA-Hz for oxygen in hazardous areas. Tell us your area classification for other measurements.
From the lesson Measuring hydrogen: purity, mixtures and safety limits
Which ACCURRA-S models measure CO2?
6030 (0 to 20 % or 0 to 100 %) and 6015 for ppm ranges, by NDIR.
From the lesson Measuring carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide online
Which models measure CO?
2015 for ppm ranges and 2030 for percent ranges. Confirm ranges against the datasheet.
From the lesson Measuring carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide online
Can one analyser read both CO and CO2?
Yes, in a dual-channel enclosure from one sample.
From the lesson Measuring carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide online
Why is the sample cooled before an NDIR analyser?
To remove condensing water that would disturb the optical path and the reading.
From the lesson Measuring carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide online
How do you measure methane in biogas?
By NDIR on a conditioned sample, for example ACCURRA-S 4030.
From the lesson Measuring methane and biogas composition online
Can one analyser measure methane and CO2 together?
Yes, a dual-channel enclosure reads both from one sample.
From the lesson Measuring methane and biogas composition online
What does biogas contain besides methane?
CO2, water vapour, and traces of H2S, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen.
From the lesson Measuring methane and biogas composition online
Is a biogas analyser safe-area equipment?
The standard ACCURRA-S is for safe areas. For classified locations, tell us the zone and we will advise.
From the lesson Measuring methane and biogas composition online
Is in-situ or extractive better?
Neither is better in general. In-situ suits hot flue gas oxygen; extractive suits trace and multi-gas measurements.
From the lesson Extractive vs In-Situ gas analysis
Why do extractive systems fail?
Most failures are in the sample path: blocked filters, condensate and pump faults.
From the lesson Extractive vs In-Situ gas analysis
Can I measure CO in situ?
Extractive measurement is the usual approach for CO in flue gas.
From the lesson Extractive vs In-Situ gas analysis
Which Sarvesh product does extractive emission monitoring?
SGI-320, with a heated probe, heated line, conditioner and analysers.
From the lesson Extractive vs In-Situ gas analysis
Which analyser for 99.99 % nitrogen?
Trace model 3015. Residual oxygen up to 100 ppm is the measurement.
From the lesson Choosing an oxygen analyser: trace, percent or purity
Which for PSA oxygen at 93 %?
The percentage models 3030 or 3130, which cover 0 to 100 %. The purity models start at 95 %.
From the lesson Choosing an oxygen analyser: trace, percent or purity
Which for cryogenic oxygen at 99 %?
Purity model 3090 or 3190, with ambient pressure and temperature compensation.
From the lesson Choosing an oxygen analyser: trace, percent or purity
Which for boiler flue gas?
ACCURRA-Zr, an in-situ zirconia analyser.
From the lesson Choosing an oxygen analyser: trace, percent or purity
Why does barometric pressure affect oxygen analysers?
Many sensors respond to oxygen partial pressure, which scales with total pressure. A fall in pressure lowers the reading even though the gas is unchanged.
From the lesson Why ambient pressure affects oxygen purity readings
How much error can pressure cause?
The ACCURRA-S catalogue states up to 10 % over a day and night swing in the 90 to 100 % range, without compensation.
From the lesson Why ambient pressure affects oxygen purity readings
Which ACCURRA-S models compensate?
Purity models 3090 (electrochemical, 0 to 100 %) and 3190 (paramagnetic, 95 to 100 %).
From the lesson Why ambient pressure affects oxygen purity readings
Does compensation remove the need for calibration?
No. Calibration is still needed, but compensation keeps the calibration valid across weather and seasons.
From the lesson Why ambient pressure affects oxygen purity readings
Sampling and conditioning
What is the most common sample system fault?
A blocked probe filter or condensate in the line. Both are addressed by blowback, heated lines and a condensate sensor with pump trip.
From the lesson How to design a gas sample handling system
Why must the sample stay above its dew point?
Below it, water condenses and takes soluble gases with it, changing the sample before it reaches the analyser.
From the lesson How to design a gas sample handling system
How far can the sample line be?
With i-Cons, up to 60 m with the standard pump and 60 to 90 m with the high-flow pump.
From the lesson How to design a gas sample handling system
Can you design the system for me?
Yes. Send the sample temperature, pressure, dew point, dust level and distance to the analyser.
From the lesson How to design a gas sample handling system
Where should a sample point be?
At a well-mixed location, upstream of air leaks, at known process conditions and accessible for maintenance.
From the lesson Choosing the sample point for a gas analyser
How far downstream of a gas injection point should I sample?
Far enough for mixing, typically several pipe diameters of turbulent flow or a mixing element. Ask for advice for your case.
From the lesson Choosing the sample point for a gas analyser
Does the tapping affect response time?
Yes. A large or dead tapping volume adds lag.
From the lesson Choosing the sample point for a gas analyser
Can you advise on the sample point?
Yes. Send a drawing or photographs with the application data sheet.
From the lesson Choosing the sample point for a gas analyser
What tubing is best for gas analysis?
316 stainless steel for most trace and reactive work.
From the lesson Sample lines: materials, length, diameter and lag
How long can a sample line be?
As short as practical; the limit is the acceptable lag, which depends on bore, flow and pressure.
From the lesson Sample lines: materials, length, diameter and lag
Can I use flexible hose?
For short connections to the analyser in non-critical percent measurements. Use metal for ppm and moisture.
From the lesson Sample lines: materials, length, diameter and lag
Do I need a heated line?
If the sample is wet and hot, yes, until it reaches a cooler. Dry gases at ambient temperature do not.
From the lesson Sample lines: materials, length, diameter and lag
How often should analyser filters be changed?
By experience at the site; start with a regular interval and shorten it if the pressure drop or flow shows blocking.
From the lesson Filters for gas analysers: dust, mist, membrane
Can I clean and reuse a filter element?
Not reliably. Replace it.
From the lesson Filters for gas analysers: dust, mist, membrane
What dust size can ACCURRA-S accept?
The catalogue specifies dust below 3 micron.
From the lesson Filters for gas analysers: dust, mist, membrane
Who supplies the filters?
Sarvesh represents Headline Filters, UK, in India.
From the lesson Filters for gas analysers: dust, mist, membrane
What temperature should a sample cooler run at?
Often 3 to 5 C, low enough to remove most water without freezing. Follow the cooler's specification.
From the lesson Condensate, moisture and sample cooling for gas analysis
What is the difference between SGI-300 and i-Cons?
SGI-300 is a Peltier cooler with pump, filter and condensate detector; i-Cons is a smart Peltier conditioner with diagnostics, auto blowback and Modbus in a compact 19 inch cabinet.
From the lesson Condensate, moisture and sample cooling for gas analysis
Can I measure moisture after a cooler?
Only to the cooler's dew point. If you need the process moisture, the sample must not be cooled.
From the lesson Condensate, moisture and sample cooling for gas analysis
Why does my CO2 reading differ before and after the cooler?
Soluble CO2 partly dissolves in condensate; the difference should be small and steady.
From the lesson Condensate, moisture and sample cooling for gas analysis
What flow does an ACCURRA-S need?
About 1 LPM, per the catalogue, with a regulated pressure of 2 to 10 psig.
From the lesson Sample pressure, flow and fast bypass loops
Do I need a pressure regulator?
Yes when the process pressure is higher than the analyser's range or varies.
From the lesson Sample pressure, flow and fast bypass loops
Where should the sample vent?
To a safe place suited to the gas; flammable or toxic samples go to a flare or recovery.
From the lesson Sample pressure, flow and fast bypass loops
What is a fast loop?
A bypass that circulates a large flow near the tapping so the analyser takes a quick, small slice.
From the lesson Sample pressure, flow and fast bypass loops
What material should a probe be?
SS316 for general duty, Inconel for higher temperature or corrosion, ceramic for the hottest duties.
From the lesson Probes and blowback for hot, dusty and tarry gas
How often should blowback run?
Set by the dust load; start frequent and relax once the probe stays clean.
From the lesson Probes and blowback for hot, dusty and tarry gas
Can I sample tarry gas?
Yes with a heated probe, heated line and conditioning matched to the tar, after review of the composition.
From the lesson Probes and blowback for hot, dusty and tarry gas
What is the difference between SP and SRP probes?
SP are fixed probes; SRP are retractable.
From the lesson Probes and blowback for hot, dusty and tarry gas
Why can't I analyse liquid oxygen directly?
Analysers measure gas. The liquid must be vaporised, and completely, to keep its composition.
From the lesson Sampling cryogenic and liquefied gases: vaporisers
Which vaporiser does Sarvesh offer for cryogenic samples?
SV-200, with a bypass line; SV-400 is also available.
From the lesson Sampling cryogenic and liquefied gases: vaporisers
Can I analyse LPG with ACCURRA-S?
Flammable samples are outside the standard ACCURRA-S sample specification; ask an engineer.
From the lesson Sampling cryogenic and liquefied gases: vaporisers
How do I flush a vaporiser?
Use the bypass line, per the product instructions.
From the lesson Sampling cryogenic and liquefied gases: vaporisers
Can ACCURRA-S measure corrosive gases?
Not in the standard configuration. Send the stream composition and we will advise.
From the lesson What samples an analyser cannot take: know the limits
Can you analyse H2S?
No; H2S is outside the ACCURRA-S gas list and the i-Cons and SGI-320 limits.
From the lesson What samples an analyser cannot take: know the limits
Can I put an analyser on raw biogas?
Only after conditioning; moisture and H2S must be dealt with first.
From the lesson What samples an analyser cannot take: know the limits
How do I find out if my sample is suitable?
Send the gas composition, pressure, temperature, dust and moisture with an application data sheet.
From the lesson What samples an analyser cannot take: know the limits
Why is my analyser reading wrong?
Check the sample first: flow, filters, leaks, condensate. Then apply a known gas.
From the lesson Sample system troubleshooting: symptoms to causes
How do I find a leak?
Pressurise with inert gas and use a leak-detection fluid or a pressure-hold test.
From the lesson Sample system troubleshooting: symptoms to causes
Why does water get into the analyser?
A failed cooler or blocked drain, or a line below the dew point.
From the lesson Sample system troubleshooting: symptoms to causes
When should I call an engineer?
When known gas reads wrong, or after the sample checks are clean.
From the lesson Sample system troubleshooting: symptoms to causes
Installation and integration
Can an ACCURRA-S be field mounted?
It is built for panel or rack mounting. For field use, ask about an enclosure suited to the site.
From the lesson Where to mount a gas analyser: panel, shelter or field
How far can the analyser be from the sample point?
As far as the acceptable lag allows; use a fast loop for long runs.
From the lesson Where to mount a gas analyser: panel, shelter or field
Do analysers need heating in winter?
Ambient limits apply; in cold sites a heated shelter or enclosure avoids condensation.
From the lesson Where to mount a gas analyser: panel, shelter or field
What IP rating do I need?
Choose by the dust and water exposure at the site; indoors IP20 to IP54 is common, outdoors IP65 or higher.
From the lesson Where to mount a gas analyser: panel, shelter or field
What is a 4-20 mA signal?
A current that represents the reading, 4 mA at the bottom of the range and 20 mA at the top.
From the lesson Analyser outputs: 4-20 mA, relays and Modbus explained
Which outputs does ACCURRA-S have?
Configurable 4-20 mA, relay alarms and Modbus RTU, according to the catalogue.
From the lesson Analyser outputs: 4-20 mA, relays and Modbus explained
What is the maximum cable length for 4-20 mA?
Hundreds of metres, limited by the loop's compliance voltage and wire resistance.
From the lesson Analyser outputs: 4-20 mA, relays and Modbus explained
Can Modbus start a calibration?
On models that support it; ask for the register map.
From the lesson Analyser outputs: 4-20 mA, relays and Modbus explained
How far apart should power and signal cables run?
Use separate trays; a few tens of centimetres of separation is common, and follow your plant's standard.
From the lesson Wiring, grounding and electrical noise for gas analysers
Can I run Modbus beside power cables?
Avoid it; use shielded twisted pair and keep it separate.
From the lesson Wiring, grounding and electrical noise for gas analysers
What causes a noisy 4-20 mA signal?
Ground loops, unshielded cable, cables beside power, or a loose terminal.
From the lesson Wiring, grounding and electrical noise for gas analysers
Do I need surge protection?
For long outdoor cables, yes.
From the lesson Wiring, grounding and electrical noise for gas analysers
How do I scale a 4-20 mA input?
Set 4 mA to the low end and 20 mA to the high end of the analyser range, in the same units.
From the lesson Connecting a gas analyser to PLC, DCS and SCADA
What should happen when the analyser fails?
That is a process decision: hold, switch to manual, alarm or trip. Decide it in advance.
From the lesson Connecting a gas analyser to PLC, DCS and SCADA
Can the control system start an analyser calibration?
Where the analyser supports it by Modbus or a digital input.
From the lesson Connecting a gas analyser to PLC, DCS and SCADA
How do I avoid nuisance alarms?
Use a deadband and a short delay, and separate warning from trip levels.
From the lesson Connecting a gas analyser to PLC, DCS and SCADA
What power does an analyser need?
Check the model datasheet for voltage and consumption; use a clean supply.
From the lesson Site utilities checklist for gas analysers
Do I need instrument air for every analyser?
Only for functions such as blowback or air purges, and for some probes.
From the lesson Site utilities checklist for gas analysers
Where do I store calibration cylinders?
In a ventilated, secured place, with cylinders restrained, away from heat and incompatible gases.
From the lesson Site utilities checklist for gas analysers
Can I vent to the room?
Only if the sample is harmless in the quantity vented; follow your site safety rules.
From the lesson Site utilities checklist for gas analysers
How long does commissioning take?
From a few hours for a simple rack analyser to days for a system with probes and heated lines.
From the lesson Commissioning an online gas analyser: A Step-by-Step guide
Should I calibrate before or after purging?
After purging and leak-testing, so the calibration reflects a clean system.
From the lesson Commissioning an online gas analyser: A Step-by-Step guide
What documents do I need at hand-over?
Drawings, register map, calibration record, spares and maintenance intervals.
From the lesson Commissioning an online gas analyser: A Step-by-Step guide
Can you commission for me?
Ask us about service support for your site.
From the lesson Commissioning an online gas analyser: A Step-by-Step guide
Calibration and maintenance
What is the difference between calibration and a calibration check?
A check compares and records; a calibration also adjusts the instrument.
From the lesson How gas analyser calibration works: zero and span
What span gas concentration should I use?
Typically 70 to 90 % of the range, in a background similar to the sample, with a certificate.
From the lesson How gas analyser calibration works: zero and span
Can I calibrate oxygen with air?
Yes for percent ranges, using clean dry air at 20.9 %; not for trace ranges.
From the lesson How gas analyser calibration works: zero and span
How do I know calibration worked?
Re-apply the gas and confirm the reading; then confirm the process reading returns.
From the lesson How gas analyser calibration works: zero and span
What calibration gas do I need for ACCURRA-S 3015?
A zero gas with very low oxygen and a span gas in nitrogen near the top of your range, with a certificate.
From the lesson Calibration gases: choosing, handling and certificates
How long does a calibration cylinder last?
Until the expiry on the certificate, and until pressure falls to the cylinder maker's minimum.
From the lesson Calibration gases: choosing, handling and certificates
Can I make my own calibration gas?
Not for a measurement that matters. Certified gas gives a traceable result.
From the lesson Calibration gases: choosing, handling and certificates
Do I need different gas for each analyser?
Only if the ranges, gases or backgrounds differ.
From the lesson Calibration gases: choosing, handling and certificates
How often should an oxygen analyser be calibrated?
Start monthly and adjust with as-found data; safety and purity measurements may justify more often.
From the lesson How often should you calibrate a gas analyser?
Is annual calibration enough?
Only if drift records show it, and the consequence of error is small.
From the lesson How often should you calibrate a gas analyser?
Does auto-calibration replace manual calibration?
It can reduce manual work, but you still verify with certified gas and review the results.
From the lesson How often should you calibrate a gas analyser?
Who sets the interval?
You do, from your tolerance and records, unless a standard or quality system specifies one.
From the lesson How often should you calibrate a gas analyser?
Is auto-calibration available on all ACCURRA-S models?
It is optional on most; 3015 and M015 do not have it.
From the lesson Auto-Calibration and validation checks for gas analysers
How often should auto-calibration run?
Daily or weekly is a common start; adjust to your drift records.
From the lesson Auto-Calibration and validation checks for gas analysers
Does auto-calibration reduce the need for cylinders?
No, it needs certified gas connected to the analyser.
From the lesson Auto-Calibration and validation checks for gas analysers
Can it start from the control system?
Via Modbus command on models that support it.
From the lesson Auto-Calibration and validation checks for gas analysers
Why is my analyser reading zero?
Check the output scaling, fault state, sensor and valve positions; then apply span gas.
From the lesson Troubleshooting gas analyser readings: high, low, noisy, slow
Why does the reading drift upward?
Temperature change, a leak, calibration gas exhausted or sensor ageing.
From the lesson Troubleshooting gas analyser readings: high, low, noisy, slow
How do I know if the sensor is dead?
Large span corrections, slow response or a zero that will not settle.
From the lesson Troubleshooting gas analyser readings: high, low, noisy, slow
Where are the alarm and calibration records?
ACCURRA-S saves calibration with deviation values and alarm history in the analyser.
From the lesson Troubleshooting gas analyser readings: high, low, noisy, slow
How often should an analyser be serviced?
A routine of daily, weekly, monthly and annual tasks, adjusted from your records.
From the lesson Maintenance schedule and spares for gas analysers
Which spares are essential?
Filter elements, fittings, calibration gas and, for critical analysers, a spare sensor.
From the lesson Maintenance schedule and spares for gas analysers
Can Sarvesh service my analyser?
Contact us with the model and site; support is part of how we work.
From the lesson Maintenance schedule and spares for gas analysers
Who should maintain analysers?
Trained instrument technicians following the manual.
From the lesson Maintenance schedule and spares for gas analysers
How long do gas sensors last?
It depends on the type and the sample. Electrochemical cells months to years; others longer.
From the lesson Sensor life, poisoning and replacement in gas analysers
Can a poisoned sensor recover?
Sometimes slowly if the exposure was brief; usually replace it.
From the lesson Sensor life, poisoning and replacement in gas analysers
Should I replace sensors on a schedule?
For critical points yes, informed by the calibration trend.
From the lesson Sensor life, poisoning and replacement in gas analysers
Does ACCURRA-S sensor choice affect life?
Yes: electrochemical cells are consumed; paramagnetic models have no consumed part.
From the lesson Sensor life, poisoning and replacement in gas analysers
Does ACCURRA-S support audit trails?
It stores calibration with deviation values and alarm history, and password-protects set-up. Tell us your exact requirements.
From the lesson Records, audit trails and qualification for regulated plants
Is ACCURRA-S compliant with a specific regulation?
We make no such claim; ask for a point-by-point answer for your requirement.
From the lesson Records, audit trails and qualification for regulated plants
Who writes the qualification documents?
Your quality team, with documents and data from the supplier.
From the lesson Records, audit trails and qualification for regulated plants
Can records be archived electronically?
Via the analyser's digital outputs into your own system.
From the lesson Records, audit trails and qualification for regulated plants
Safety and hazardous areas
What is the explosive range of hydrogen?
About 4 to 75 % by volume in air.
From the lesson Flammability, explosive limits and gas safety basics
Is a process analyser a safety device?
It can be part of a protection scheme, but it is not a personal gas detector and carries no SIL claim from us.
From the lesson Flammability, explosive limits and gas safety basics
What does LEL stand for?
Lower explosive limit, also called lower flammable limit.
From the lesson Flammability, explosive limits and gas safety basics
Does pressure change the explosive limits?
Yes; the range widens with pressure and temperature. Use design data for your conditions.
From the lesson Flammability, explosive limits and gas safety basics
What is a typical LOC?
For many organic vapours in nitrogen, roughly 8 to 12 % oxygen; for hydrogen in nitrogen, near 5 %. Use values for your own materials.
From the lesson What is limiting oxygen concentration (LOC)?
What oxygen alarm should I set?
The value comes from your hazard study, as a margin below the LOC. The analyser alarm points are configurable.
From the lesson What is limiting oxygen concentration (LOC)?
Which analyser for a blanketed tank?
ACCURRA-S 3015 for ppm, 3030 or 3130 for percent, and ACCURRA-Hz or INFINITY-Tx in hazardous areas.
From the lesson What is limiting oxygen concentration (LOC)?
Does nitrogen blanketing need continuous monitoring?
Continuous monitoring is the usual way to demonstrate the barrier holds, and it permits a smaller margin under common guidance.
From the lesson What is limiting oxygen concentration (LOC)?
How do you purge a tank with nitrogen?
By sweep-through or dilution to a target oxygen, then confirm with an analyser.
From the lesson Inerting and purging: how they work and how to prove them
How much nitrogen do I need to purge a vessel?
About three vessel volumes for 1 % oxygen if well mixed, more in practice.
From the lesson Inerting and purging: how they work and how to prove them
Which standard sets inerting margins?
Standards such as NFPA 69 give guidance; follow the one that applies to your site.
From the lesson Inerting and purging: how they work and how to prove them
What oxygen alarm should I set?
Below the LOC by the margin your safety assessment requires.
From the lesson Inerting and purging: how they work and how to prove them
What does Zone 2 mean?
An area where an explosive gas atmosphere is not likely in normal operation and, if it occurs, lasts only briefly.
From the lesson Hazardous area classification: zones, gas groups, T-Classes
Is IIC better than IIB?
IIC equipment is suitable for a wider range of gases, since it meets a more demanding test.
From the lesson Hazardous area classification: zones, gas groups, T-Classes
What does T6 mean?
The equipment's surface will not exceed 85 C.
From the lesson Hazardous area classification: zones, gas groups, T-Classes
Who decides the zone?
The plant owner or its consultant, documented on the area classification drawings.
From the lesson Hazardous area classification: zones, gas groups, T-Classes
What does Gas Group IIC mean?
The most demanding gas group, which includes hydrogen and acetylene. IIC-certified equipment also suits IIA and IIB gases.
From the lesson Hazardous area gas analysers explained
What does T6 mean?
A maximum surface temperature of 85 C.
From the lesson Hazardous area gas analysers explained
What is a flameproof enclosure?
An Ex d enclosure that withstands an internal explosion and prevents it igniting the outside atmosphere.
From the lesson Hazardous area gas analysers explained
Is ACCURRA-Hz SIL rated?
We make no SIL claim. If your project requires SIL-rated devices, tell us at the start.
From the lesson Hazardous area gas analysers explained
What does Ex d mean?
Flameproof: the enclosure contains an internal explosion and prevents it igniting the outside atmosphere.
From the lesson Protection concepts: flameproof, intrinsic safety, purging
What is intrinsic safety?
A concept that limits electrical energy so no spark or heat can ignite gas.
From the lesson Protection concepts: flameproof, intrinsic safety, purging
Can I open a flameproof analyser in a hazardous area?
Only following the manufacturer's rules; ACCURRA-Hz allows calibration without opening the covers.
From the lesson Protection concepts: flameproof, intrinsic safety, purging
Do I need a barrier for INFINITY-Tx?
Check the certificate and the loop's entity parameters; ask us for the installation requirements.
From the lesson Protection concepts: flameproof, intrinsic safety, purging
Are ACCURRA analysers SIL rated?
We make no SIL claim. Tell us your requirement and we will respond point by point.
From the lesson What SIL means for gas analysers, and what it does not
What is the difference between SIL and Ex certification?
Ex certification addresses ignition of explosive atmospheres; SIL addresses the reliability of a safety function.
From the lesson What SIL means for gas analysers, and what it does not
Can a gas analyser be part of a safety loop?
Yes, with a proper safety design, but it needs careful treatment of sample, drift and response time.
From the lesson What SIL means for gas analysers, and what it does not
What is proof testing?
A periodic test that reveals hidden failures in a safety function.
From the lesson What SIL means for gas analysers, and what it does not
What oxygen level is safe to breathe?
Normal air is 20.95 %; below about 19.5 % is generally treated as deficient and above about 23.5 % as enriched.
From the lesson Oxygen enrichment and oxygen deficiency hazards
Is nitrogen toxic?
No, but it displaces oxygen and can cause asphyxiation in closed spaces.
From the lesson Oxygen enrichment and oxygen deficiency hazards
Can a process oxygen analyser be used as a personal monitor?
No; use a device built and certified for personal or area monitoring.
From the lesson Oxygen enrichment and oxygen deficiency hazards
How should an oxygen analyser vent?
To a safe place suited to the gas, away from people and ignition sources.
From the lesson Oxygen enrichment and oxygen deficiency hazards
Process primers
What oxygen level should a boiler run at?
It depends on fuel and burner; take the target from the burner supplier and your commissioning, and trim to just above the CO breakpoint.
From the lesson Combustion, excess air and flue gas oxygen explained
Why is oxygen measured in flue gas?
It is the simplest indicator of excess air and therefore of fuel efficiency.
From the lesson Combustion, excess air and flue gas oxygen explained
Why measure CO too?
To make sure that reducing excess air does not cause incomplete combustion.
From the lesson Combustion, excess air and flue gas oxygen explained
Which Sarvesh product measures flue gas oxygen?
ACCURRA-Zr, an in-situ zirconia analyser.
From the lesson Combustion, excess air and flue gas oxygen explained
What are the products of an air separation plant?
Oxygen, nitrogen and argon, as gas and liquid, often with instrument air.
From the lesson How an air separation plant works and what is measured
Which measurements matter most in an ASU?
Oxygen purity, trace oxygen in nitrogen and argon, and moisture.
From the lesson How an air separation plant works and what is measured
Why measure CO2 at the purifier?
A rising CO2 shows the adsorber is exhausted and CO2 could freeze downstream.
From the lesson How an air separation plant works and what is measured
Do you supply analysers for ASUs?
Yes; see the industrial gas plant pages.
From the lesson How an air separation plant works and what is measured
What is PSA?
Pressure swing adsorption: beds of adsorbent separate gases at pressure and are regenerated by lowering pressure.
From the lesson PSA, VPSA and membrane gas generators explained
How pure is PSA nitrogen?
From about 95 % to 99.999 % nitrogen, depending on design and flow.
From the lesson PSA, VPSA and membrane gas generators explained
How pure is PSA oxygen?
Typically 90 to 95 %.
From the lesson PSA, VPSA and membrane gas generators explained
Do I need an analyser on a generator?
If purity matters, yes. It shows when output drifts out of specification.
From the lesson PSA, VPSA and membrane gas generators explained
What is carbon potential?
The carbon content steel would reach at equilibrium with the furnace gas.
From the lesson Heat treatment furnace atmospheres explained
What analyser measures hydrogen in nitrogen?
ACCURRA-TCD, by thermal conductivity.
From the lesson Heat treatment furnace atmospheres explained
How do you protect against air leaks in a furnace?
Measure trace oxygen and alarm on a rise; maintain seals and positive pressure.
From the lesson Heat treatment furnace atmospheres explained
What does the dew point tell you?
How much water is in the atmosphere, which affects oxidising or reducing behaviour.
From the lesson Heat treatment furnace atmospheres explained
What gases do I measure around an electrolyser?
Hydrogen in oxygen, oxygen in hydrogen, hydrogen purity and moisture.
From the lesson Hydrogen electrolysers and gas analysis: what to measure
What alarm level for hydrogen in oxygen?
Set by the manufacturer and your safety study, far below 4 %.
From the lesson Hydrogen electrolysers and gas analysis: what to measure
Are ACCURRA-Hz analysers suitable for electrolyser areas?
They are certified for Gas Group IIC, Zone 1 and 2, T6; confirm your zone and requirements.
From the lesson Hydrogen electrolysers and gas analysis: what to measure
Do your analysers have SIL?
We make no SIL claim.
From the lesson Hydrogen electrolysers and gas analysis: what to measure
What is biogas made of?
Mostly methane and CO2, with water vapour and traces of H2S.
From the lesson Biogas, landfill gas and digesters explained
What is CBG?
Compressed biogas: biogas upgraded to high methane content and compressed for use as fuel.
From the lesson Biogas, landfill gas and digesters explained
Why is H2S a problem?
It is corrosive and toxic and damages sensors and engines.
From the lesson Biogas, landfill gas and digesters explained
Which analyser measures biogas methane?
ACCURRA-S 4030, by NDIR, on a conditioned sample.
From the lesson Biogas, landfill gas and digesters explained
What oxygen level is used in ULO storage?
Around 1 to 2 % or lower, depending on the fruit; follow your guideline.
From the lesson Controlled-Atmosphere fruit storage explained
Which analyser measures CA store gas?
ACCURRA-S 3030 for oxygen and 6030 for CO2; confirm range and accuracy for ULO.
From the lesson Controlled-Atmosphere fruit storage explained
Can one analyser serve several rooms?
With a sampling manifold that switches rooms in turn; discuss the arrangement.
From the lesson Controlled-Atmosphere fruit storage explained
Why measure CO2 as well as oxygen?
Because the combination sets the preservation, and the ratio shows respiration.
From the lesson Controlled-Atmosphere fruit storage explained
Where in a cement plant is oxygen measured?
At the kiln inlet, the precalciner and preheater outlets, and at the stack.
From the lesson Cement kiln gas analysis explained: O2, CO and safety
Can your analyser trip an ESP on CO?
We make no SIL claim and need your response and integrity requirements first.
From the lesson Cement kiln gas analysis explained: O2, CO and safety
Can the probe survive kiln dust?
With the right probe material, filter and blowback, yes; tell us the dust load and temperature.
From the lesson Cement kiln gas analysis explained: O2, CO and safety
Do you supply cement plants?
JK Cement is among our customers.
From the lesson Cement kiln gas analysis explained: O2, CO and safety
What is in blast furnace gas?
Mostly nitrogen, CO and CO2 with a little hydrogen, and heavy dust.
From the lesson Steel plant gases: coke oven, blast furnace, converter
Why is converter gas recovered only sometimes?
Its composition changes during the blow; it is recovered when CO is high enough and oxygen is low.
From the lesson Steel plant gases: coke oven, blast furnace, converter
Can you analyse coke oven gas?
Send the composition; tar and ammonia need review and a suitable sample system.
From the lesson Steel plant gases: coke oven, blast furnace, converter
Which analysers are used in steelworks?
NDIR for CO and CO2, thermal conductivity for hydrogen in binary cases, and oxygen analysers, with probes for hot dusty gas.
From the lesson Steel plant gases: coke oven, blast furnace, converter
What is a CEMS?
A continuous emission monitoring system that measures stack gases and reports them corrected to regulatory conditions.
From the lesson Emission monitoring (CEMS) basics: what a system does
Is SGI-320 approved by regulators?
We make no statutory approval claim; send your regulatory requirement.
From the lesson Emission monitoring (CEMS) basics: what a system does
What is the difference between hot-wet and cold-dry?
Hot-wet keeps the sample hot and wet to the analyser; cold-dry dries it first.
From the lesson Emission monitoring (CEMS) basics: what a system does
Do I need to measure oxygen?
Yes, normally, for reference oxygen correction.
From the lesson Emission monitoring (CEMS) basics: what a system does
What dew point is instrument air?
Often class 2, minus 40 C pressure dew point or lower, depending on the application and climate.
From the lesson Compressed air quality and dew point (ISO 8573-1)
What is the difference between refrigerant and desiccant dryers?
Refrigerant dryers cool to about 3 C; desiccant dryers adsorb water to reach minus 40 C or lower.
From the lesson Compressed air quality and dew point (ISO 8573-1)
Which analyser measures compressed air dew point?
ACCURRA-S M015, minus 80 to plus 20 C.
From the lesson Compressed air quality and dew point (ISO 8573-1)
Does ISO 8573-1 cover CO and CO2?
Gaseous contaminants are handled in other parts of the standard; medical and breathing air have their own specifications.
From the lesson Compressed air quality and dew point (ISO 8573-1)
What oxygen level is safe for blanketing?
Below the LOC of your material by the margin your safety assessment requires.
From the lesson Inert gas blanketing in pharma and chemical plants
What gas is used for blanketing?
Usually nitrogen; argon or CO2 in some cases.
From the lesson Inert gas blanketing in pharma and chemical plants
Does blanketing need continuous oxygen monitoring?
It is common and often required; follow your safety assessment and standards.
From the lesson Inert gas blanketing in pharma and chemical plants
Can ACCURRA-S be used in a solvent area?
Not in a classified area; use ACCURRA-Hz or INFINITY-Tx.
From the lesson Inert gas blanketing in pharma and chemical plants
What oxygen level does a glove box hold?
From a few ppm to below 1 ppm, depending on the box and use.
From the lesson Glove boxes and Controlled-Atmosphere chambers explained
Can ACCURRA-S 3015 measure 0.1 ppm?
Its minimum range is 0 to 100 ppm; sub-ppm needs other sensors. Tell us your target.
From the lesson Glove boxes and Controlled-Atmosphere chambers explained
How do I avoid draining the box atmosphere?
Return the sample or limit the flow.
From the lesson Glove boxes and Controlled-Atmosphere chambers explained
Can one analyser read oxygen and moisture?
A dual-channel ACCURRA-S can read both from one sample.
From the lesson Glove boxes and Controlled-Atmosphere chambers explained
Choosing and buying
What should a gas analyser specification include?
Purpose, measurement, sample, tapping, site, utilities, outputs, calibration, standards and support.
From the lesson How to specify a gas analyser: A practical checklist
Do I need to know the exact accuracy?
State what the process needs; see the accuracy lesson.
From the lesson How to specify a gas analyser: A practical checklist
Can I send a partial specification?
Yes. Send what you have and we will ask for the rest.
From the lesson How to specify a gas analyser: A practical checklist
What if the sample composition is unknown?
Say so, send typical analyses, and we will propose how to confirm it.
From the lesson How to specify a gas analyser: A practical checklist
What accuracy do I need for oxygen trim?
Usually a few tenths of a percent of oxygen is adequate; control needs repeatability more than absolute accuracy.
From the lesson What accuracy do you really need from a gas analyser?
Is plus or minus 1 % of span good enough?
It depends on the tolerance and where on the range the process runs.
From the lesson What accuracy do you really need from a gas analyser?
How does calibration gas uncertainty affect accuracy?
It sets a floor: the reading cannot be known better than the reference.
From the lesson What accuracy do you really need from a gas analyser?
Should I pay for the best accuracy?
Only if the decision needs it and the sample and calibration can support it.
From the lesson What accuracy do you really need from a gas analyser?
How much does an online gas analyser cost to run?
It depends on the sample and the analyser; count calibration gas, filters, sensors and labour.
From the lesson Total cost of ownership of a gas analyser
Is the cheapest quote the best?
Rarely. Compare scope and lifetime cost.
From the lesson Total cost of ownership of a gas analyser
How do I lower running costs?
Good sampling, a routine, auto-calibration and spares.
From the lesson Total cost of ownership of a gas analyser
Should I include downtime in the comparison?
Yes, for critical measurements.
From the lesson Total cost of ownership of a gas analyser
How do I compare gas analyser quotes?
On the same scope and basis, with exclusions and running costs listed.
From the lesson How to compare gas analyser quotes like for like
What should every quote include?
Scope, performance, certificates, documents, calibration, commissioning and support.
From the lesson How to compare gas analyser quotes like for like
Is a lower price a warning sign?
Check what is missing.
From the lesson How to compare gas analyser quotes like for like
Can you quote against my specification?
Yes. Send it with the application data sheet.
From the lesson How to compare gas analyser quotes like for like
What should I ask an analyser supplier?
About experience on similar streams, sample limits, certification, calibration, spares and service.
From the lesson Questions to ask a gas analyser supplier before you buy
How do I judge whether a supplier's claims hold?
Ask what they cannot do, and check that the answer is specific.
From the lesson Questions to ask a gas analyser supplier before you buy
Do you provide training?
Ask us about training and service for your site.
From the lesson Questions to ask a gas analyser supplier before you buy
Who do I call for support?
Sales +91 94 2300 4179 and support +91 94 2300 4178.
From the lesson Questions to ask a gas analyser supplier before you buy
What is the application data sheet?
An online form for the pre-order design inputs we need to recommend an analyser.
From the lesson The application data sheet: what to send Sarvesh
Can I attach files?
Yes, up to a total size noted on the form.
From the lesson The application data sheet: what to send Sarvesh
How soon will I hear back?
An applications engineer will reply by email or phone; for urgent cases call sales on +91 94 2300 4179.
From the lesson The application data sheet: what to send Sarvesh
Your question is not here? Ask an engineer; we add the good ones.